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The Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: Distribution of Hospital Damage in Miyagi Prefecture
- Sae Ochi, Atsuhiro Nakagawa, James Lewis, Susan Hodgson, Virginia Murray
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 29 / Issue 3 / June 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 June 2014, pp. 245-253
- Print publication:
- June 2014
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Introduction
In catastrophic events, a key to reducing health risks is to maintain functioning of local health facilities. However, little research has been conducted on what types and levels of care are the most likely to be affected by catastrophic events.
ProblemThe Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster (GEJED) was one of a few “megadisasters” that have occurred in an industrialized society. This research aimed to develop an analytical framework for the holistic understanding of hospital damage due to the disaster.
MethodsHospital damage data in Miyagi Prefecture at the time of the GEJED were collected retrospectively. Due to the low response rate of questionnaire-based surveillance (7.7%), publications of the national and local governments, medical associations, other nonprofit organizations, and home web pages of hospitals were used, as well as literature and news sources. The data included information on building damage, electricity and water supply, and functional status after the earthquake. Geographical data for hospitals, coastline, local boundaries, and the inundated areas, as well as population size and seismic intensity were collected from public databases. Logistic regression was conducted to identify the risk factors for hospitals ceasing inpatient and outpatient services. The impact was displayed on maps to show the geographical distribution of damage.
ResultsData for 143 out of 147 hospitals in Miyagi Prefecture (97%) were obtained. Building damage was significantly associated with closure of both inpatient and outpatient wards. Hospitals offering tertiary care were more resistant to damage than those offering primary care, while those with a higher proportion of psychiatric care beds were more likely to cease functioning, even after controlling for hospital size, seismic intensity, and distance from the coastline.
ConclusionsImplementation of building regulations is vital for all health care facilities, irrespective of function. Additionally, securing electricity and water supplies is vital for hospitals at risk for similar events in the future. Improved data sharing on hospital viability in a future event is essential for disaster preparedness.
. ,Ochi S ,Nakagawa A ,Lewis J ,Hodgson S .Murray V The Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: Distribution of Hospital Damage in Miyagi Prefecture . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (3 ):1 -8
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Tales of Emergence—Synthetic Biology as a Scientific Community in the Making
- Susan Molyneux-Hodgson, Morgan Meyer
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- BioSocieties / Volume 4 / Issue 2-3 / September 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 September 2009, pp. 129-145
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- September 2009
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This article locates the beginnings of a synthetic biology network and thereby probes the formation of a potential disciplinary community. We consider the ways that ideas of community are mobilized, both by scientists and policy-makers in building an agenda for new forms of knowledge work, and by social scientists as an analytical device to understand new formations for knowledge production. As participants in, and analysts of, a network in synthetic biology, we describe our current understanding of synthetic biology by telling four tales of community making. The first tale tells of the mobilization of synthetic biology within a European context. The second tale describes the approach to synthetic biology community formation in the UK. The third narrates the creation of an institutionally based, funded ‘network in synthetic biology’. The final tale de-localizes community-making efforts by focussing on ‘devices’ that make communities. In tying together these tales, our analysis suggests that the potential community can be understood in terms of ‘movements’—the (re)orientation and enrolment of people, stories, disciplines and policies; and of ‘stickiness’—the objects and glues that begin to bind together the various constitutive elements of community.
one - Policy and its exploration
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, University of Sheffield, Zoë Irving, University of York
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- Policy Reconsidered
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- Bristol University Press
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- 15 September 2022
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- 21 November 2007, pp 1-18
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Summary
This book, about policy, aims to disturb some of the comfortable ground upon which the study of policy, for the most part, rests. In this first chapter we aim to assess the ways in which the study of policy has so far been approached. This involves an element of description but also some analysis of the directions in which scholarship in this field has travelled and some explanation of why the need for a rethink of policy has arisen at this time. Judged by title alone, this book may symbolise an unwelcome diversion to both those who are more concerned with the pressing matters of the real world of policy, either by impact or process, and those who are more concerned with abstract, meta-developments within which policy represents a small piece of the jigsaw. The book's aims and contents do not sit comfortably within any of the existing literatures around ‘policy analysis’, the ‘policy process’, ‘public administration’ or even ‘social policy’, and they certainly do not feature in wider systemic accounts of human development. In fact, this awkwardness is deliberate and, we suggest, crucial to the book's contribution to debate and study within the field of what we will refer to as ‘policy studies’.
The chapters in this collection represent a spectrum of both conventional and less conventional ways of thinking around policy, its research and practice. They are intended to bridge theoretical and disciplinary divides, to identify commonalities and shared interests and to insist that different perspectives from both policy-interested disciplines (such as social work, social policy and public administration, as well as the sociology of welfare), and policy-interested scholars from outside these traditional domains, can be brought together as a means to engender dialogue, as much as to demonstrate contrasts.
Policy provides the practical framework for the expression of political messages and the achievement of social goals. The use of policy as a governmental device is central in maintaining social, political and economic relationships:
• between states
• within states
• between states and citizens
• within organisations
• between the providers and users of services.
But policy is also a non-governmental construct and practice, as contributions to the ‘policy studies’ literature have argued and explored (for example, Walker, 1981; Rhodes, 1997). There are three reasons why, given this prominence in social and political life, and centrality within social scientific endeavour, the idea, process, custom and performance of policy need to be reassessed.
eleven - Studying policy: a way forward
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, University of Sheffield, Zoë Irving, University of York
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- Policy Reconsidered
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- 15 September 2022
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- 21 November 2007, pp 191-208
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Summary
We began a reconsideration of policy by setting out our intent to ‘disturb some of the comfortable ground’ (Chapter One). The rationale for the endeavour was based on theoretical, methodological and practical concerns including:
• changes in the wider landscape of social sciences, despite certain ongoing divisions of academic labour that confine some forms of study;
• radical shifts in how policy is informed, formed and implemented;
• the sense that much policy-related and policy-relevant research practice is exploring new questions, requiring a different conceptual apparatus to that currently available.
While the need to reassess policy in a sustained theoretical and practical manner was evident, the questions through which this reassessment could be conducted, and the range of perspectives that we could bring to bear on the analysis, was large. Hence, the themes of meanings, politics and practices were developed to shape and inform the work of all our contributors to a reconsideration of policy. While presenting a view on the changing form of politics remains important in policy work, analyses of meanings and practices are central to making better sense of those changes.
Rather than take ‘policy’ as a given, chapters have sought to expose the various occurrences and constructions of the term. In covering a range of positions including, realist, institutional, practice-focused and constructivist, the different authors have utilised the idea of ‘policy’ in differing ways. Indeed, these very labels serve to highlight the diversity of interests that underpin current work in policy studies, and they lead us to explore what differing perspectives can offer – in particular, if brought into close proximity, as here. The issue we attempted to address in this collection links into both the centrality of power and decision making, and developments in how this is understood. Thus, we each engaged with our tripartite division of meanings, politics and practices, while appreciating the problematic nature of these very distinctions. By employing these categories, we have enabled some issues to become visible whilst others have faded from view. Only by bringing multiple perspectives together, however, can we appreciate the range of interconnections and contradictions with which policy studies should engage.
To continue our ‘disruption’ of what are often taken as ‘givens’, our reconsideration of policy will now begin to extract themes that cut across the work already presented, primarily in order to provoke yet further thinking.
Acknowledgements
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, University of Sheffield, Zoë Irving, University of York
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- Policy Reconsidered
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Notes on the contributors
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, University of Sheffield, Zoë Irving, University of York
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- Policy Reconsidered
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Part Three - Practices
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, University of Sheffield, Zoë Irving, University of York
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- Policy Reconsidered
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- Bristol University Press
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- 15 September 2022
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- 21 November 2007, pp 135-136
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Summary
Introduction
The emphasis in this final part of the book is on ways of researching the practices of policy as much as it is about studying policy in practice. Policy studies texts mainly present a juxtaposition between policy and practice where what is laid down in thought (formulation) and what actually happens in deed (implementation) are compared. This type of analysis is useful in revealing the nature and form of implementation ‘gaps’, the trials and tribulations of policy execution at street level and the complexity of politics and ideology as they operate at different levels of organisation. At the same time, however, there is a risk in investigating ‘policy in practice’, that boundaries are respected and linearity assumed (whether from the top down or the bottom up), when these aspects of policy in action also need to become part of the processes being explored. Michael Hill (2005, ch 9) makes a clear case that not only is ‘policy’ a ‘slippery concept’, but that putting it (whatever ‘it’ turns out to be) into practice is an interactive process that requires attention to context. Earlier chapters in this book demonstrate that attention to meanings is also required in order to gain a fuller understanding of policy processes, and the chapters in this section are intended to present examples of ways in which the idea of ‘policy practices’ can be understood in a broader sense than the simple result of implementation.
Within these chapters, three newly emergent frameworks for policy analysis are demonstrated: Cowburn emphasising the centrality of ethics; Boxall, Warren and Chau contextualising the rise of the ‘user’ and Lendvai and Stubbs drawing on the sociology of translation (after Callon). As Cowburn warns, however, we must always bear in mind the origins and bases of all analysis. Any research on policy practices should not only consider how policy gets used, but how research gets used too. In the same way that policy does not simply travel from A to B, from statement to implementation, so research and the outputs of research cannot take a straight route from researcher to policy information. Policy research practices are as questionable as any other aspect of policy-related study and can easily lead to policy structures built on sand rather than the assumed bias-free bedrock.
Contents
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, University of Sheffield, Zoë Irving, University of York
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- Policy Reconsidered
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- Bristol University Press
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- 15 September 2022
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- 21 November 2007, pp iii-iii
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Part Two - Politics
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, University of Sheffield, Zoë Irving, University of York
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- Policy Reconsidered
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- Bristol University Press
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- 15 September 2022
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- 21 November 2007, pp 77-80
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Summary
Introduction
The chapters in Part I share an interest in the exploration of meanings generated within and by ‘policy’: as a concept; as a means to draw social and economic boundaries; and as the more tangible expression of abstract values. What they also have in common, however, is recognition that policy is essentially political. As Richard Jenkins points out, in many languages ‘policy’ and ‘politics’ are described by the same word. David Phillips and Jo Britton make clear the connection between policy as values, policy as categorisation and the operative role played by politics in drawing down values and categories from the abstract to the concrete. Traditionally, policy's inherently political nature has informed the dominant structure of research and theorising in policy studies. Politics has been the mainstay of policy analysis and policy analysis has developed within the boundaries of political science. This is clear in the core texts, classic studies, theories and models widely associated with the study of policy (for example, Hogwood and Gunn, 1984; Dahl, 1961; Lukes, 1974; Lindblom, 1959, respectively). In view of this, it would be impossible to reconsider policy without reconsidering politics at the same time. Having examined policy at the conceptual level, Part Two is, therefore, intended to return readers to issues of power and process.
The chapters in Part Two represent a reappraisal of some of the boundaries and assumptions, which have hitherto underpinned traditional analyses of the policy process: first, that the language used to present and describe policy is neutral or permanent; second, that the analytical ‘rediscovery’ of the state and interest in the workings of policy communities and networks has tended to eclipse investigation of the role of capital; and, third, that the policy process is principally of interest at the national and/or local level. The need to question these features of the policy process literature arises because they correspond to three critical aspects of change in the policy arena in the twenty-first century.
First, the expansion of the technological routes by which the communication of ideas can take place means that we find ourselves in an age of significant media reliance as far as policy is concerned. The kinds of values discussed by David Phillips in Chapter Three are symbolised in the concepts and ideas cascaded down from policy ‘thinkers’ to policy ‘subjects’ in the sound bites and announcements that litter our everyday lives.
Policy Reconsidered
- Meanings, Politics and Practices
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, Zoë Irving
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- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 15 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 21 November 2007
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This book identifies key topics in the policy arena, subjecting them to sustained theoretical and practical appraisal. It shows the advantage of applying a cross-disciplinary lens to the study of 'policy', presenting critical and reflective engagements with theory and practice at all levels of political organisation within a range of contexts.
Frontmatter
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, University of Sheffield, Zoë Irving, University of York
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- Policy Reconsidered
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- 21 November 2007, pp i-ii
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Index
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, University of Sheffield, Zoë Irving, University of York
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- Policy Reconsidered
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- 21 November 2007, pp 241-250
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Part One - Meanings
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, University of Sheffield, Zoë Irving, University of York
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- Policy Reconsidered
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- Bristol University Press
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- 15 September 2022
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- 21 November 2007, pp 19-20
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Summary
Introduction
This first part of the book is oriented around the concept of meanings. Meanings operate at all levels, whether you are interested in what policies mean to us as individuals as we go about our daily lives; or your concern is more with national or international policy intents. Meanings are important because policy is an organising principle, not just a product or outcome.
One purpose of these chapters is to lay out some ground that readers can identify as foundational in all policy work, although the ground may not have been previously approached in this manner. The terrain to be covered includes, how policy makes sense of the world (and how the world makes sense of policy), how policy puts the world into categories (and how categories allow policies to be made) and how we might want to change it all, through visions of imagined futures, through symbolic politics.
In this section the authors adhere to the dictum of ‘questioning the taken for granted’. Jenkins begins the section by addressing the twin concerns of what ethnography can do for policy and what policy can do for ethnography. His answer is ‘quite a lot’, on both counts, provided we are willing to reframe what we currently accept as ‘policy analysis’ and to explore policy as an interactive process rather than a backdrop to everyday life. Phillips uses the process of EU enlargement as a lens to view relations between policies and values; that is, relations between how we might like the world to be and the forces that may work for and against this. He presents policy as representing a vision, an expression of the fundamental aspirations of collectivities. In the process he raises key matters of competition and dialogue; elements of policy work that are of increasing importance in our globalising world. Britton pushes us to face up to our categorising practices and the political sense-making of ‘who is who’. Her chapter raises issues of identity that remain too marginal in the policy field at the current time. If we continue to ignore matters of ‘representation’ (in an ontological sense), how are we meant to progress the understanding of the dynamics between policy and representation (in a political sense)?
References
- Edited by Susan M. Hodgson, University of Sheffield, Zoë Irving, University of York
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- Book:
- Policy Reconsidered
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
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- 15 September 2022
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- 21 November 2007, pp 209-240
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Service innovations: Pharmacogenetic clinics in psychiatry: a clinical reality?
- Richard Hodgson, Susan E. Smith, Richard C. Strange, Anthony A. Fryer
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- Psychiatric Bulletin / Volume 28 / Issue 8 / August 2004
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- 02 January 2018, pp. 298-300
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- August 2004
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Aims and Method
There are few descriptions in the literature of pharmacogenetic applications in psychiatry. We describe the relevance of pharmacogenetics to clinical psychiatry using a case-note review of the first 55 patients to have their cytochrome P450 (CYP2D6) status assessed in a general psychiatry clinic.
ResultsThe distribution of genotypes for CYP2D6 was the same as in the general population. A smaller number of reported side-effects (P=0.01) and higher medication dosages (P=0.001) were significantly associated with the extensive metabolism genotype.
Clinical ImplicationsThis preliminary study suggests that CYP2D6 status may have an influence on medication dosage and adverse drug events reported by patients. Recommendations for further development are suggested.
Mental Illness in Old Age: Meeting the Challenge. (Policy Studies in Ageing: No 1). By Alison Norman. London: Centre for Policy on Ageing. 1982. Pp 135. £5.75.
- David Jolley, Susan Hodgson
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- Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists / Volume 7 / Issue 7 / July 1983
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- 02 January 2018, p. 124
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- July 1983
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